The Displaying of Supposed Witchcraft, chapter 5: That these things now in question are but barely supposed (part 2 of 7)

3. That there is not any jot of truth in these Confessions, is manifest, if we consider the subjective matter of them, as is plain by these ensuing grounds. 1. For the most of them are not credible, by reason of their obscenity and filthiness; for chast ears would tingle to hear such bawdy and immodest lyes; and what pure and sober minds would not nauseate and startle to understand such unclean stories, as of the carnal Copulation of the Devil with a Witch, or of his sucking the Teat or Wart of an old stinking and rotten Carkass? surely even the impurity of it may be sufficient to overthrow the credibility of it, especially amongst Christians. 2. There are many things that have no verity in them at all, that notwithstanding have verisimilitude; but these are not only void of truth, but also of truth-likeliness: for it is neither truth, nor hath any likelihood of it, to believe it for a truth, that the Devil should carry an old Witch in the Air into foraign Regions, that can hardly crawl with a staff, to dancing and banqueting, and yet to return with an empty belly, and the next day to be forced, like old Dembdike or Elizabeth Sothernes, and Alizon Denice, to go a begging with the sowr-milk Can: is this either probable or likely? would it not much more have advantaged the Devils interest and his Kingdom, to have furnished them with good and true meat and drink, and not with such imaginary Cates, which would neither fill the stomach, nor satisfie the appetite? Had it not been more for the Devils benefit to have furnished them with plenty of gold and silver, than to let them go ragged and tattered, begging their bread from door to door? 3. As these confessions have no truth-likeliness in them, so they are things that are simply impossible to be performed by any created power, and therefore must needs be false and fictitious relations; for no Creature can perform any thing but that for which by Creation it was ordered and designed to; but the Devils by Creation have no generative power given them, nor members or organs to perform the act of copulation withal; and therefore their having carnal copulation with the Witches, is a most monstrous fiction, and an absolute impossibility, and can have nothing in it more than the stirring up of the imaginative faculty, and thereby to move titillation in the members fitted for the act of generation, which is a thing that happens to many both men and women, that are of hot constitutions, and abound with seed, which we call nocturna prolutiones, of which the Divines and Casuists make that great question, An nocturna prolutiones sint peccatum? And it is as simply impossible for either the Devil or Witches to change or alter the course that God hath set in Nature, as to transubstantiate a man or woman into a Cat, a Dog, or a Wolf; and therefore are these confessions meer impossibilities and monstrous lyes. 4. There can in sound and right reason no credit at all be given to these confessions, because divers of them have been proved to be utterly false, as is plain in the man that did confidently affirm, that he was a true Wolf, and that he had hair under his skin, the woful tryal of which was his death, though a pregnant and undeniable proof, that the delusion was in the Phantasie, and that there was no real change of the mans body into a Wolf; and therefore doth flatly overthrow the credibility of these vain and lying confessions. To the same purpose is the story related by Camerari[…]s from Johannes Baptista Porta, a great Naturalist, and a person of competent veracity, which is this. Once (saith he) I met an old Witch, one of those that are said to enter houses in the night time, and there to suck the blood of little children lying in their Cradles. Having asked her a question of something, she promised forthwith, that within a while she would give me answer. She puts forth of her Chamber all those that went in with me to be witnesses of that which should pass. Having shut us out, she strips her self stark naked, and rubs over all her body with a certain Oyntment, which we saw through the chinks of the door. The operation of the soporiferous juyces, whereof this Oyntment was compounded, made her fall to the ground, and brought her into a deep sleep. Upon this we open the door, and some of us begin to strike and knock her well-favour'dly; but she was so soundly asleep, that to strike her body and a stone, it was all one. Forth we go again, in the mean time the Oyntment had ended his working, and the old Trot being awaked, and having put on her cloaths, begins to tell tales of Robin Hood, saying, That she had passed over Seas and Mountains, and then gives us false answers. We tell her, that her body had never stir'd out of the Chamber; she maintains the contrary: we shew her the blows we had given her, she persisteth the more stifly in her opinion. By the testimony of this Author, who was an ear and eye-witness of this passage, and other persons with him, which manifests it to be good and sufficient evidence, it appeareth, that the Witches are under a melancholy and passive delusion, promoted by the help of soporiferous Oyntments, whereby they fancy and think they are carried into far remote places, where they hear and see strange things, and do and suffer that which is not at all performed, but only as in a dream, their bodies in the mean time lying immoveable, and so do but relate falsities and lyes, which is an unanswerable proof of the absolute falsity of their confessions, the thing that here we undertook to make good. And some late Learned men (with Mr. Glanvil himself) giving too much credit to the things related by the Witches in their confessions, to be true stories of things really performed at a great distance, have been forced to revive that old Platonical Whimsie, of the Souls real egression forth of the body into far distant places, and its return again, with the certain knowledge of things there done or said, according to the relation that Pliny gives us in these words: Reperimus (inquit) interempla, Hermotimi Clazomenii animam relicto corpore errare solitam, vagam q; è longinquo multa annuntiar[…], quae nisi à praesenti nosci non possent, corpore interi[…] semianimi: donec cremato eo inimici (qui Cantharidae vocabantur) remeanti animae velut vaginam ademerint. To which notwithstanding he doth not seem to give credence. But these Relations of the Witches are meer lyes and forgeries, and are but taught them by the spiritual craft of the Devil, thereby to pretend to imitate the true Visions that the Prophets had from God. And though there may be some peculiar persons that have the way to fall into ecstasies, (as Helmont witnesseth of himself) and may thereby understand many mystical matters, yet in it there is no real egression of the Soul forth of the body, but a freeing or withdrawing of it from the Phantasie and Senses, and then (as the Cabbalists and mystical Authors say) it is joyned to the intelligible World, and beholds things as present; and though there may be something of truth in it, yet few Authors of credit and veracity, have attested it upon their own experience, and there may be much fallacy and danger in it, and therefore we leave it to further search and inquiry. Another apparent ground of the nullity of the truth or credit of these confessions, is that which a learned Divine in his Letter to Dr. Wierus gives us, the substance of which we shall give in English, which is this: I have known (he saith) the year foregoing (he writ his Epistle Anno 1565.) many foolish things from the private confession of a certain old Woman, an Inchanter, who when she had heard in my Sermon the place in the 19. Chapter of the Acts explained, That many of the Ephesians, being of those who had exercised curious Arts, had brought their Books, and burned them openly, &c. She forthwith (he saith) came unto me with a mind plainly troubled; and with tears pouring forth into my bosom the secrets of her breast, did receive Christian instruction; and when she had understood, by the blessing of God, the vanity of Diabolical Impostures, and perceived them with opened eyes, she was easily converted to the light of truth, the smoak of lyes being laid aside. She, truth being once received, hath most constantly confessed, that it did appear to her more clear than the light at noon day, that Satan did only deceive and blind the eyes of his Vassals, and that there was nothing done in verity, and this she declared with a detestation of her Diabolical Art. And so concludes it in these words: Uno verbo dicam, me satis experientiâ didicisse, bonam partem incantationum mera esse insomnia. And whosoever shall read, and seriously consider the Epistle of that excellent and learned Divine, will find the most of those vain illusions laid open and confuted: so that in all (or the most) of the things attributed unto Witches, we shall find no more of Diabolical operation in them, than an internal, mental, and spiritual delusion, in making the Witches to believe, and to draw on others to the same opinion, that the Devil hath a kind of omnipotent Power and Soveraignty. Therefore did Aristotle well conclude: Incantamenta esse muliercularum figmenta.

4. A fourth Reason of the meer falsity and incredibility of these Confessions is this: Is it possibly credible to a rational and unbiassed judgment, that the Witches (though never so many, at several times and places) having made themselves the Slaves and Vassals of the Devil, both in soul and body, and being led by his lying and deceitful Spirit (though making large and voluntary confessions) can be conceived to have any touch of truth in them at all? Surely no more truth in these confessions, than there is in the Devil, who was a Lyar from the beginning; and therefore we argue thus. Such kind of will, affections and inclinations as are in the Devil himself, such kind are in his Children. But the will and affections of the Devil are against God, his Truth, and against all Gods people, and his inclinations tend to continual lying. Therefore the will, affections, and inclinations of his Children (such as the Witches are, and are granted to be) are against God, his Truth, and against all Gods people, and their inclinations tend to continual lying. The proof of the major and minor Proposition is the plain words of our Saviour, Ye are of your father the devil, and the lusts of your father the devil ye will do, [non-Latin script], and he was a murtherer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lye, he speaketh of his own: for he is a lyar, and the father of it. And again St. John tells us: He that committeth sin, is of the devil; for the devil sinneth from the beginning. So that it may truly be said of them, They delight in lyes, and their confessions are nothing but lyes. And if they object and say, that here we confess a League with the Devil and the Witch, otherwise the Witches could not be his Children, Vassals, and Bond-slaves, which elsewhere we deny; we answer, it is a gross mistake, in not observing the distinction we make betwixt a mental and spiritual League, such as the Devil and Judas made, and such as all wicked men make with him, and under this League we acknowledge all Witches to be; but a visible and corporeal League we positively deny, and so the objection is of no validity. And thus we suppose we have sufficiently proved, that there ought no credit at all to be given to the Confessions of Witches, no more than to Devils, who are all lyars.

Now let us proceed to their third main Objection: That so many wise and grave Judges and honest Juries could not have been deceived, to put to death such great numbers of those kind of people, without sufficient proof of the matters of fact. Against which we oppose these following Reasons.

1. It is but an Argument at the best to drive the other Party into an absurdity, which is not of any such dangerous consequence, as may be supposed; for it would but conclude, that many grave and wise Judges and Juries have been imposed upon, and deceived, which is but argumentum ad homines, and doubtless many might, and have been. And do not we Christians hold, that the gravest and wisest Judges amongst the Turks and Persians have been, and are deceived, and have done unjustly in persecuting and putting Christians to death, because they would not submit to the Religion of Mahomet, and yet we account it no absurdity or injustice to pass that censure upon them? And do not the Idolaters in all those large Empires and Kingdoms of Tartary, China, the Moguls Country, and the rest of those Countries in the East of Asia persecute and put many to death, for not worshipping their Idols, or embracing their Religion; and do we think it absurd to censure and condemn them of injustice, though in their own Countries they be accounted grave and wise Judges? Surely we do not, and there is the parity of reason in both the Arguments, for all are but men, and so may erre.

2. But as for the grave, learned, and wise Judges, and understanding and honest Juries within His Majesties Dominions, we affirm they are clear and innocent from these imputations, and that for divers and sundry sound reasons. 1. Our Judges and Juries have no such sinister and corrupt ends, to wrest the Laws, or wring forth and extort feigned and false Confessions, because they have no such ends as to uphold and maintain idolatrous and superstitious Tenents, as praying to Saints, magnifying of Holy-water, or setting up of Purgatory, as had the Popish Inquisitors, and the Demonographers, and Witchmongers that writ for those ends. And therefore it is no absurdity to say or think, that they dealt unjustly in their proceedings, which our learned and pious Judges are not, nor can be guilty of. 2. The Inquisitors and their Agents had benefit by the death of Witches, having a share in their Goods, and therefore no absurdity to conclude, that their proceedings were unjust, partial, and corrupt, of which our Judges and Juries are clear, as having no profit at all by the death of these wretched and deluded people. 3. Our Judges are but sworn to the due execution of the Laws made, and the Juries sworn to bring in their Verdicts according to their best evidence: now if the Witnesses forth of malice, envy, ignorance, or mistake swear to matters of fact, for which death or other punishments are allotted by the Law, both the Judges and the Jury are absolutely excusable; and if there be any guilt in the Witnesses, or falsity in their Evidences, it lyes at their own doors, and upon their own consciences, and the Judges and Jurors are clear, and not to be blamed, for no humane prudence can altogether prevent, that Witnesses may not erre or swear falsely.

3. Have there not been many thousands of true and faithful Martyrs, that have suffered and been condemned in many Ages, in many and several Countries, at many different and distinct times? And some of these have been condemned by such as were called and accounted General Councils, Parliaments, High-Courts of Justice, and other places of great Judicature, before Judges that were accounted wise, grave, and learned, and by Juries of honesty and understanding: were there therefore no true Martyrs, and were they all justly condemned and put to death? or is it absurd to be guilty of such incredulity, as to think and hold, that so many grave and wise Judges, and knowing Juries were deceived, and did unjustly? Let Mr. Glanvil or any other solve this Argument, and carry the cause; or else we must necessarily conclude, that opinio quae à se non propellit absurda, per absurda non premit adversarium.

Now having given a full and satisfactory Answer to their main and strongest Objections, and defeated the whole force of their first and most furious Charge, we shall proceed to overthrow their main Battel, in proving the four Particulars mentioned in the beginning of the Chapter, to be false and impossible. And in doing of this, we shall handle the three first promiscuously and all together, and the fourth about Transubstantiations or Change of Witches into Cats, Hares, Dogs, Wolves, or the like, we shall handle by it self.

1. And first we acknowledge an internal, mental, and spiritual League or Covenant betwixt the Devil and all wicked persons, such as are Thieves, Robbers, Murtherers, Impostors, and the like, whereby the temptations, suggestions, and allurements of Satan, spiritually darted, and cast into the mind, the persons so wrought upon, and prevailed withal, do assent and consent unto the motions and counsels of the evil Spirit, and so do make a League and Covenant with the said evil Spirit, as saith the Text: According to the Prince of the power of the air, that now worketh in the children of disobedience. He doth not only rule over them, but also worketh in them; for men are either the Temples of God, or the Temples of Satan and Antichrist, who sitteth in the Temple of God, and opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God or worshipped. Such a spiritual League or Covenant as this did Judas make with the Devil, whereby he agreed to betray his Master Christ. Then entred Satan into Judas: not that essentially or personally he entred into Judas, but that he put it into his heart, [non-Latin script], to betray him: which wrought so effectively in him in a spiritual manner, that he took up that Diabolical resolution to betray his innocent Master: and this was entring into a spiritual League with the Devil. For as Theophylact saith upon the place. Hoc enim significat, spospondit, hoc est, perfectam promissionem & pactum fecit. And another saith: In Judam Satanas intravit, non impellens, sed patulum inveniens ostium: nam oblitus omnium quae viderat, ad solam avaritiam dirigebat intuitum. And again: Missio ista spiritualis suggestio est, & non sit per aurem, sed per cogitationem: diabolicae enim suggestiones immittuntur, & humanis cogitationibus immiscentur.

2. We acknowledge that this spiritual League in some respects and in some persons may be, and is an explicit League, that is, the persons that enter into it, are or may be conscious of it, and know it to be so; for when a person resolves to murther, he cannot but know that he then maketh a League with the Devil, who was a Murtherer from the beginning. And it is manifest, that in this League, and in no other, were all the Priests that belonged to the Oracles, who knew well enough that the Idols or false Gods they worshipped, did give no answers at all, but the responsions given were only of their own devising and framing, to uphold their credit; and more colourably to cozen and deceive the people, they did pretend that they had answers from their Gods or Idols, and thus far the Devil was in all their impostures and jugglings. And so all the several sorts of the Diviners or Witches mentioned in the Old Testament, were under a spiritual League with the Devil, and did very well know, that what they did, was not by the finger of God, but either by the help of Art, Nature, Leger-de-main, Confederacy, or such like impostures and cheats: and yet they pretended, as did Simon Magus, and gave out that they were some great men, thereby to deceive others, when explicitly they plainly knew that themselves were but dissemblers and lyars, and that for gain, credit, and vain-glory they pretended to do those things, which they could never truly perform. And under this spiritual League, explicitly considered, are all our Figure-flingers contained, who take upon them (far beyond the Rules of the true Art) to declare where stollen Goods are, and to cause them to be brought back again, and many other such vain and lying matters, which they well know they have no power to perform, but that they willingly and knowingly take upon them to pretend to do these things for vain-glory and filthy lucre sake. And of this sort are all our pretending Conjurers, Diviners, Wizards, and those that take upon them to reveal things by looking in Crystals, Beryls, and the like, (of which we may perhaps speak more largely hereafter) that indeed know well enough they do but deceive and cheat others: of all which we could recite very lepid and apposite stories, certainly known unto us, or discovered by us; but Mr. Glanvil would account them but silly Legends and old Wives Fables, and therefore we shall supersede here, and leave them to a fitter place.